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Bipolar II Disorder

Bipolar II Disorder

Bipolar II Disorder

Bipolar II disorder is characterized by a clinical course of recurring mood episodes consisting
of one or more major depressive episodes (Criteria A–C under “Major Depressive
Episode”) and at least one hypomanic episode (Criteria A–F under “Hypomanic Episode”).
The major depressive episode must last at least 2 weeks, and the hypomanic episode
must last at least 4 days, to meet the diagnostic criteria. During the mood episode(s),
the requisite number of symptoms must be present most of the day, nearly every day, and
represent a noticeable change from usual behavior and functioning. The presence of a
manic episode during the course of illness precludes the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder
(Criterion B under “Bipolar II Disorder”). Episodes of substance/medication-induced depressive
disorder or substance/medication-induced bipolar and related disorder (representing
the physiological effects of a medication, other somatic treatments for depression,
drugs of abuse, or toxin exposure) or of depressive and related disorder due to another
medical condition or bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition do not
count toward a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder unless they persist beyond the physiological
effects of the treatment or substance and then meet duration criteria for an episode. In
addition, the episodes must not be better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder and are
not superimposed on schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or
other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic disorders (Criterion
C under “Bipolar II Disorder”). The depressive episodes or hypomanic fluctuations
must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning (Criterion D under “Bipolar II Disorder”); however, for hypomanic
episodes, this requirement does not have to be met. A hypomanic episode that
causes significant impairment would likely qualify for the diagnosis of manic episode and,
therefore, for a lifetime diagnosis of bipolar I disorder. The recurrent major depressive episodes
are often more frequent and lengthier than those occurring in bipolar I disorder.
Individuals with bipolar II disorder typically present to a clinician during a major depressive
episode and are unlikely to complain initially of hypomania. Typically, the hypomanic
episodes themselves do not cause impairment. Instead, the impairment results
from the major depressive episodes or from a persistent pattern of unpredictable mood
changes and fluctuating, unreliable interpersonal or occupational functioning. Individuals
with bipolar II disorder may not view the hypomanic episodes as pathological or disadvantageous,
although others may be troubled by the individual’s erratic behavior.
Clinical information from other informants, such as close friends or relatives, is often useful
in establishing the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder.

A hypomanic episode should not be confused with the several days of euthymia and restored
energy or activity that may follow remission of a major depressive episode. Despite the
substantial differences in duration and severity between a manic and hypomanic episode, bipolar
II disorder is not a “milder form” of bipolar I disorder. Compared with individuals with
bipolar I disorder, individuals with bipolar II disorder have greater chronicity of illness and
spend, on average, more time in the depressive phase of their illness, which can be severe and/
or disabling. Depressive symptoms co-occurring with a hypomanic episode or hypomanic
symptoms co-occurring with a depressive episode are common in individuals with bipolar II
disorder and are overrepresented in females, particularly hypomania with mixed features. Individuals
experiencing hypomania with mixed features may not label their symptoms as hypomania,
but instead experience them as depression with increased energy or irritability.

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